# English Irregular Verbs ########################################################################### ## sburke@cpan.org Sean M. Burke ## Time-stamp: "2014-05-19 01:35:54 MDT" ## ## Keyed in from various sources, for a program I have half-written, to ## model English irregular verb morphology. ## ## You may find this table useful, for finding out what at least some people ## think is the way to conjugate "dive", etc. ## ########################################################################### # one form = same in all tenses # two forms = some preterit as past-participle # four forms = forth is the present participle (lie -> lying, not liing) # (...) = rare, or specialized. # (A ...) means adjectival past-participle # (* ...) means archaic # totally archaic verbs are commented out, and have /\s+#\s*ARCH/ comments abide, abode arise, arose, arisen awake, awoke, awaked (awoken) # be, was, been bear, bore, borne (A born) beat, beat, beaten (beat) become, became, become # beget, begot (* begat), begotten # ARCH begin, began, begun behold, beheld, beheld (beholden) bend, bent # bereave, bereaft (bereaved) # ARCH 'bereaft' pron. as if 'bereft' # beseech, besought # ARCH beset bespeak, bespoke, bespoken bet, bet (betted) bid, bade (bad, bid), bidden (bid) bind, bound, bound (A bounden) bite, bit, bitten (* bit) bleed, bled blow, blew, blown break, broke, broken (broke) breed, bred bring, brought build, built burn, burnt (burned) burst buy, bought cast catch, caught # chide, chid, chid (chidden) # ARCH choose, chose, chosen # cleave, clove (* clave, cleft, clave), cloven (cleft, cleaved) # ARCH # when meaning "split" # when meaning "cling" cling, clung # clothe, clothed (clad) come, came, come cost creep, crept (creeped) # crow, crew (crowed), crowed (crown) # ARCH cut # dare, dared (durst), dared # ARCH -- and what about "dasn't"? deal, dealt # 'dealt' pron. as if 'delt' dig, dug #dip, dipt (dipped) # ARCH do, did, done # fails to note that 'does' is /dUz/, not /doz/ (cf. "goes") draw, drew, drawn dream, dreamed (dreamt) # 'dreamt' pron. as if 'dremt' drink, drank, drunk # cf. "drunken" drive, drove, driven dwell, dwelt (dwelled) eat, ate (* eat), eaten fall, fell, fallen feed, fed feel, felt fight, fought find, found flee, fled fling, flung fly, flew, flown # forbear, forbore, forborne # ARCH forbid, forbade, forbidden forget, forgot, forgotten forgive, forgave, forgiven forsake, forsook, foresaken freeze, froze, frozen, get, got (* gat), gotten (got) # sense difference between "got" and "gotten" # gild, gilded (gilt) # ARCH # gird, girt (girded) # ARCH give, gave, given go, went, gone grind, ground grow, grew, grown hang, hung (hanged) # supposedly, "to hang [a person]" is regular have, had hear, heard heave, heaved (hove) hew, hewed, hewn hide, hid, hid (hidden) hit hold, held hurt keep, kept kneel, kneeled (knelt) knit, knit (knitted) know, knew, known # lade, laded, laden # ARCH (except with adj past participle) lay, laid lead, led # "led" is commonly misspelled "lead" (like the metal) # lean, leant (leaned) # leant!? leap, leaped (leapt) # "leapt" is pronounced as if it were "lept" learn, learned (* learnt) leave, left lend, lent let lie, lay, lain, lying light, lit (lighted) lose, lost make, made mean, meant # "meant" pronounced like "ment" mistake, mistook, mistaken # just like "take" mow, mowed, mown (mowed) overdo, overdid, overdone # like 'do'... pay, paid # merely orthographic -- sounds like like "payed" pen, penned (pent) # in the sense of "put into a (pig)pen" put quit # rap, rapped (rapt) # ARCH (irreg only in sense of captivate) read, read # past forms pronounced like "red" # rend, rent rev, revved, revved, revving # -vv- is exceptional rid, rid (ridded, * ridden) ride, rode (rid), ridden (rid) ring, rang (rung), rung rise, rose, risen # rive, rived, rived (rived) # ARCH run, ran, run saw, sawed, sawed (sawn) say, said # "said" pronounced "sed" see, saw, seen seek, sought # seethe, seethed (sod), seethed (sodden) # what!? sell, sold send, sent set sew, sewed, sewed (sewn) shake, shook, shaken # shape, shaped, shaped (shapen) # shapen occurs only in 'misshapen' shave, shaved, shaved (shaven) shear, sheared (shore), shorn (sheared) shed shine, shone shit # shoe, shod # ARCH (as a verb) shoot, shot show, showed, shown # shred, shredded, shredded (shred) shrink, shrank (shrunk), shrunk # shrive, shrove, shriven shut sing, sang, sung sink, sank (sunk), sunk (A sunken) sit, sat slay, slew, slain sleep, slept slide, slid, slid (slidden, slided) sling, slung slink, slunk slit smell, smelled (smelt) smite, smote, smitted (* smit) # smit!? sow, sowed, sown (sowed) speak, spoke, spoken speed, sped spell, spelled (spelt) spend, spent spill, spilled (spilt) spin, spun (span), spun spit, spit (spat) split spoil, spoiled (spoilt) spread # 'spread' pronounced like 'spred' spring, sprang (sprung), sprung stand, stood # stave, staved (stove) # ARCH # stay, stayed (staid) steal, stole, stolen stick, stuck sting, stung stink, stank, stunk strew, stewed, strewn (strewed) stride, strode, stridden strike, struck, struck (A stricken) string, strung strive, strove, striven # strow, strowed, strowed (strown) # ARCH swear, swore, sworn sweat, sweated (* sweat) sweep, swept swell, swelled, swollen (swelled) swim, swam, swum swing, swung (swang), swung take, took, taken teach, taught tear, tore (* tare), torn tell, told think, thought thrive, thrived (throve), thrived (thriven) throw, threw, thrown thrust # toss, tossed (tost) # tost!? tread, trod (* trode), trodden (trod) understand, understood # like undo, undid, undone # like do..., overdo... upset # like 'set' wear, wore, worn weave, wove, woven weep, wept win, won wind, wound # 'wind' like 'wined', not like Earth, Wind, and Fire # 'wound' like 'bound', not like Wounded Knee withstand, withstood # like 'stand'... withdraw, withdrew, withdrawn # like 'draw' # work, worked (wrought) # ARCH wring, wrung write, wrote, written # writhe, writhed, writhed (writhen) # ARCH # end